Recent Changes

The overall results showed that the social norms classification that included advertisements that depict smoking as irrational and “uncool,” weakened the perception that smoking is normative. In the health consequences classification of advertisements in which the students were shown ads depicting the health risks of smoking, the advertisements increased the perception of the risk severity of smoking. In the tobacco industry manipulation category of advertisements that highlighted the tobacco industry’s unethical marketing tactics was effective in increasing knowledge among consumers about how they capture attention from young adults. Health consequences ranked first in the persuasion of young adults not to smoke followed by manipulation of tobacco industry and social norms. After viewing advertisements primarily about health risks and manipulation of the tobacco industry an increase was found in the intention to quit smoking among the group of participants. It is important to also highlight that there were no statistically significant differences among demographic and class variables that would have created a biased conclusion.
The theory of Reasoned Action is primarily important in understanding how a person’s attitude will affect their intentions and ultimately their behavior. Our society can benefit greatly from this theory. Advertising has long been a pillar of media in which people obtain information that will affect their attitudes. If we use the media to inform the public about the harmful effects of smoking we can increase prevention in particular groups that may be more vulnerable. This study shows us which type of anti-tobacco advertising will be most effective in constructing a meaningful message.
This is an excellent study to understand The Theory of Reasoned Action and how it relates to our class.I am sure we have all come across some sort of anti tobacco campaign or commercial at some point.Everyone has a different opinion on smoking and these preconceived opinions affect how effective anti-tobacco campaigns are when we see them.According to The Theory of Reasoned Action, our belief system and our intent to perform a certain act is the strongest factor as to whether or not that act will be performed.If a smoker does not have any intention to quit, and does not truly believe that smoking will be harmful to his or her health, they already have a predetermined notion about smoking and it is likely the anti-tobacco campaign will have very little impact.
Murphy, Rebecca Lee (2002). Perceived effectiveness of anti-tobacco advertisements among college students. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Utah, United States -- Utah. Retrieved June 10, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global.(Publication No. AAT 3070947).
- Joseph Perna -
The results of the survey was transformed into a model on where theory and mathematical computations yielded the following results: “The amount of television viewing was positively related to beliefs about prevalence of crime and violence in society, beliefs about prevalence of crime and violence in society was positively related to the attitude that the world is a mean place, the mean world attitude was positively related to intentions were positively related to engagement in protection behaviors.” The results did calculate that television did have a direct impact on violent attitudes in society, but the influence of protective actions were influenced by television directly, but more so on the “mean world attitude” which was cultivated from television.
Nabi, R., & Sullivan, J. (2001). Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective. Communication Research, 28(6), 802. Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database. Web. 10 June 2010

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Theory of Reasoned Action
Group Members: Kristen Paruginog | Joann Ramos | Mayency Prieto | Joseph Perna | Tiffanie Petett
History and core assumptions:
of reasoned action (TRA).
Theoryaction, also known as TRA. The Theory of Reasoned
Source: Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, p. 179-211.
{theory_planned_behavior-1.gif}
- Mayency Prieto -
{1.jpg}
-Mayency Prieto-
The overall results showed that the social norms classification that included advertisements that depict smoking as irrational and “uncool,” weakened the perception that smoking is normative. In the health consequences classification of advertisements in which the students were shown ads depicting the health risks of smoking, the advertisements increased the perception of the risk severity of smoking. In the tobacco industry manipulation category of advertisements that highlighted the tobacco industry’s unethical marketing tactics was effective in increasing knowledge among consumers about how they capture attention from young adults. Health consequences ranked first in the persuasion of young adults not to smoke followed by manipulation of tobacco industry and social norms. After viewing advertisements primarily about health risks and manipulation of the tobacco industry an increase was found in the intention to quit smoking among the group of participants. It is important to also highlight that there were no statistically significant differences among demographic and class variables that would have created a biased conclusion.
The theory of Reasoned Action is primarily important in understanding how a person’s attitude will affect their intentions and ultimately their behavior. Our society can benefit greatly from this theory. Advertising has long been a pillar of media in which people obtain information that will affect their attitudes. If we use the media to inform the public about the harmful effects of smoking we can increase prevention in particular groups that may be more vulnerable. This study shows us which type of anti-tobacco advertising will be most effective in constructing a meaningful message.
effectiveness of antitobaccoanti-tobacco advertisements among
- Joseph Perna -
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The results for the hypothesis related to knowledge about renewable energy and beliefs about its positive consequences show that the level of knowledge about renewable energy is not significantly related to consumers’ beliefs about the positive effects of renewable energy.
Consumer willingness to pay more to use renewable energy show a positive correlation with consumer beliefs about the positive consequences of using renewable energy, as expected with the hypothesis. There also shows a positive relationship between knowledge and willingness to pay more to use renewable energy.
to create cognitionscognition's or beliefs renewable energy.
Cited:
Hae-Kyong Bang, Alexander E Ellinger, John Hadjimarcou, Patrick A Traichal. Psychology & Marketing. Hoboken: Jun 2000. Vol. 17, Iss. 6; p. 449.
(Additional Study)
Australian college students, Perri Timmons, Cynthia Gallois, Deborah Terry, Malcolm McCamish and Yoshihisa Kashima conducted a study involving the implications involved in the perception and attitude of engaging in unsafe sexual activity in the context of the assessment of the theory of reasoned action. The study, titled the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Role of Perceived Risk in the Study of Safer Sex, reflects upon literary and media sources affecting one’s perceived risk of the infection and the social context involvement in conjunction with the behavior. The purpose of the study is to explore the factors, both the individual and social, that contribute to ones intention and likelihood to engage in unsafe sexual activity.
Although various AIDS education programs and media campaigns have focused their efforts on stressing the susceptibility of the infection, there is still a lack of evidence that shows a strong correlation between perceived risk and safer sexual behavior. A study by Baldwin and Baldwin (1988) showed that a self-assessment of vulnerability to infection had very little impact to ones behavior.
- Kristen Paruginog -
{whistle}
forty push-ups! According to the theoryMost of reasoned action, it implies thatus may be familiar with being subject to strenuous exercise after a person’s ideals determine histeam's loss or her attitudes and standards.even as a means to reinforce authority. I noticed success is key.key, and primarily to avoid losing. During this
As we brainstorm about this topic, we must ask ourselves what these athletes learn about their sports, their teams, and about physical activity when their coaches use exercise as a form of punishment. Coaches may use exercise as punishment because it helps in the short term, to refocus athletes’ attention and stop bad behavior or even attitudes through my personal experience in sports and professional and competitive dance, this practice is certainly common.
and 65 nonmajors.non-majors. This study they have had played sports.sports in some point in time during their lives. Interestingly enough, of punishment. Through my experience, I have been subject to exercise as punishment during my physical active career. Since childhood, I learned to respect coaches and teachers because they enforced rules I intended to abide by, and if these rules weren't followed consequences may follow. Even during competitive dance and sports, strenuous exercise was applied to athletes who failed to meet a common goal. Through utulizing this method it is intended to enforce authority and to focus the individuals attention to success.
This article also mentions the alternatives to using exercise as punishment after an athletic loss. One particular method may even be an open discussion between the players and the coach to review the game performance and to identify specific skills, strategies, or even fitness tactics that would improve the performance of each player. According to researchers, they have found that this method positively influences athlete autonomy and overall satisfaction with the sport experience (Reinboth & Duda, 2006).
In order to properly eliminate the practice of using exercise as punishment in sport settings, the profession must move beyond the consensus statements of national organizations that decry its use.
Maura, Rosenthal, Karen Pagnano-Richardson, Lydia Burak. "Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance Vol. 81, Iss. 5; pg. 44
-Joann Ramos-
Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective- Joann Ramos -
{television.jpg}
to take
protective protective action against a brief explainationexplanation of both
correlation between television viewing and perceptions of violence and influence on protective measures.
condom use,
exercise exercise promotion, drug Nabi and SullivanreviewSullivan review the series male and femalfemale and a certain low levallevel and high levallevel violence situations. to beliefs aboutprevalenceabout prevalence of crime attitude that
the the world is
Nabi, R., & Sullivan, J. (2001). Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective. Communication Research, 28(6), 802. Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database. Web. 10 June 2010
​Group Members: Kristen Paruginog | Joann Ramos | Mayency Prieto | Joseph Perna | Tiffanie Petett

- Mayency Prieto -
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-Mayency Prieto-
My summary is based on a research study conducted by Rebecca L. Murphy, Perceived Effectiveness of Anti-tobacco Advertisements Among College Students. The study was conducted in 2003, but even today there are still lingering concerns about smoking among young adults, 18-24 years old. A report by the Surgeon General in 1964, Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, was the first official recognition that smoking was a primary cause of lung cancer and other serious illnesses in both men and women. In 1964, 52% of men and 42% of women were cigarette smokers. By 2002, one in four adults was considered a habitual cigarette smoker.
In her study, Murphy (2003) states clearly that, “The purpose of this study was to determine whether anti-tobacco advertisements are perceived to be efficient in reducing smoking among college students” (p. 3). Students were surveyed before and after watching specific anti-tobacco advertisements that were classified into three separate groups. The advertisement classifications were distinguished by social norms, health consequences and tobacco industry manipulation. With this purpose in mind, Murphy proposes two important questions that may help to increase awareness and educate others about the perceptions of young adults towards anti-tobacco advertisements. The first question was whether college students found these advertisements effective in shaping anti-smoking attitudes and beliefs and increasing knowledge about smoking? The second question was which category of anti-tobacco advertisements did these students perceive to be most effective? The study was conducted in two cities, Buffalo New York, and Atlanta Georgia. Murphy took a sample size of 1,020 students from two four year institutions and exposed them to the random selection of anti-tobacco advertisements.

​
​Group Members: Kristen Paruginog | Joann Ramos | Mayency Prieto | Joseph Perna | Tiffanie Petett
Theory of Reasoned Action
History and core assumptions:
In 1980, Ajzen and Fishbein formulated the theory of reasoned action (TRA).
Theory of Reasoned Action suggests that a person's behavior is determined by his/her intention to perform the behavior and that this intention is, in turn, a function of his/her attitude toward the behavior and his/her subjective norm. The best predictor of behavior is intention. Intention is the cognitive representation of a person's readiness to perform a given behavior, and it is considered to be the immediate antecedent of behavior. This intention is determined by three things: their attitude toward the specific behavior, their subjective norms and their perceived behavioral control. The theory of planned behavior holds that only specific attitudes toward the behavior in question can be expected to predict that behavior. Below is the conceptual model of the theory which provides a visual of the core assumptions of the theory.
Source: Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, p. 179-211.
{theory_planned_behavior-1.gif}
- Mayency Prieto -
the world is a mean place, the mean world attitude was positively related to intentions were positively related to engagement in protection behaviors.” The results did calculate that television did have a direct impact on violent attitudes in society, but the influence of protective actions were influenced by television directly, but more so on the “mean world attitude” which was cultivated from television.
Nabi, R., & Sullivan, J. (2001). Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective. Communication Research, 28(6), 802. Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database. Web. 10 June 2010
​Group Members: Kristen Paruginog | Joann Ramos | Mayency Prieto | Joseph Perna | Tiffanie Petett

{theory_planned_behavior-1.gif}
- Mayency Prieto -
{1.jpg}
My summary is based on a research study conducted by Rebecca L. Murphy, Perceived Effectiveness of Anti-tobacco Advertisements Among College Students. The study was conducted in 2003, but even today there are still lingering concerns about smoking among young adults, 18-24 years old. A report by the Surgeon General in 1964, Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking, was the first official recognition that smoking was a primary cause of lung cancer and other serious illnesses in both men and women. In 1964, 52% of men and 42% of women were cigarette smokers. By 2002, one in four adults was considered a habitual cigarette smoker.
In her study, Murphy (2003) states clearly that, “The purpose of this study was to determine whether anti-tobacco advertisements are perceived to be efficient in reducing smoking among college students” (p. 3). Students were surveyed before and after watching specific anti-tobacco advertisements that were classified into three separate groups. The advertisement classifications were distinguished by social norms, health consequences and tobacco industry manipulation. With this purpose in mind, Murphy proposes two important questions that may help to increase awareness and educate others about the perceptions of young adults towards anti-tobacco advertisements. The first question was whether college students found these advertisements effective in shaping anti-smoking attitudes and beliefs and increasing knowledge about smoking? The second question was which category of anti-tobacco advertisements did these students perceive to be most effective? The study was conducted in two cities, Buffalo New York, and Atlanta Georgia. Murphy took a sample size of 1,020 students from two four year institutions and exposed them to the random selection of anti-tobacco advertisements.

By using a collection of past studies of Theory of Reasoned Action, Nabi and Sullivan were able to determine that the “analysis of TRA-based researched supports the model’s propositions that attitudes and subjective norms can accurately predict behavioral intentions and, in turn, behaviors, with evidence coming from contexts including condom use,
exercise promotion, drug and alcohol use, testicular and breast self examinations, and women’s career choices.” So basically, Nabi and Sullivan used previous studies regarding TRA to validate that actions are greatly shaped by 1) a person’s attitude or intention regarding a specific behavior and 2) subjective norms (perceived expectations or consequences determined by variables, which in this case will be television).
After laying the foundation of the history of the two theories, and the definition ofdefining the theories in which will Nabi and Sullivan then shift intoSullivanreview the series of hypothesis’ they have established whichhypothesis they intend to prove with their hypothesis. Someprove, some of their hypothesiswhich include: “Hypothesis to take
protective protective measures will study was based onconducted by surveying 262 questionnaires answered by undergraduate students male and female,femal and a combination. The questionnairesurvey asked the students a series of factual and statistical questions that ranged fromsuch as the amount of household, to the student’s perception on statistics regarding violence in society.In addition, the questionnaireand also asked behavioral questions onabout how they
wouldstudents would react toin certain situations such as what they would do in the event
that their car broke down on the highway at night,low leval and safety measures to
protect their home or possessions.high leval violence situations.
The results of theirthe survey werewas transformed into model on page 814 where theory protection behaviors.” (814) The results
Nabi, R., & Sullivan, J. (2001). Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime? A Cultivation Analysis From a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective. Communication Research, 28(6), 802. Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database. Web. 10 June 2010

The article I chose to summarize uses the Cultivation Theory and the Theory of Reasoned Action to determine if television viewing influence viewer’s attitudes on violence and whether or not this influence motivates viewers to take
protective action against crimes. The article is titled Does Television Viewing Relate to Engagement in Protective Action Against Crime?: A Cultivation Analysis from a Theory of Reasoned Action Perspective by Robin L. Nabi and John L. which provides a step by step analysis on the methods, research and study organized by Nabi and Sullivan in order to answer the question.
a brief backgroundexplaination of where theboth The Cultivation Theory and The Theory of Reasoned Action stemmed from, and summarized the differences between the two; based on past research by Gerbner in 1969Action. By using previous research, they describe The Cultivation Theory as “the central (Nabi, Sullivan, 802) and uses studies by802). They then provide the background from Fishbein and
correlation between television viewing and perceptions of violence and influence on protective measures.
By using a collection of past studies of Theory of Reasoned Action, Nabi and Sullivan were able to determine that the “analysis of TRA-based researched supports the model’s propositions that attitudes and subjective norms can accurately predict behavioral intentions and, in turn, behaviors, with evidence coming from contexts including condom use,

Group​
​Group Members: Kristen
Theory of Reasoned Action
{theory_planned_behavior-1.gif}
In order to properly eliminate the practice of using exercise as punishment in sport settings, the profession must move beyond the consensus statements of national organizations that decry its use.
Maura, Rosenthal, Karen Pagnano-Richardson, Lydia Burak. "Alternatives to Using Exercise as Punishment." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance Vol. 81, Iss. 5; pg. 44
Does-Joann Ramos-
Does Television Viewing Reasoned Action Perspective. Communication ResearchPerspective
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and the
Theory Theory of Reasoned Action as a guide to determine television viewing
directly influences influence viewer’s attitudes or not
this this influence ignites motivation for televisionmotivates viewers to crimes. The article,article is titled Does Television
Viewing Viewing Relate to Crime?: A
Cultivation Cultivation Analysis from Perspective by
Robin Robin L. Nabi John L. Sullivan summarizeswhich provides a study they conducted
surveying 262 college students, usingstep by step analysis on the Cultivation Theorymethods, research and the
Theory of Reasoned Actionstudy organized by Nabi and Sullivan in order to analyze their results.
Before givinganswer the results of their study, they providequestion.
Nabi and Sullivan first provides a brief background
of of where the Action stemmed
from, from, and summarized on past
research research by Gerbner that is,
common common conceptions of pattern of
programming programming to which long periods
of of time” (Nabi, Azjen, in
1975 1975 to describe predictor of
volitional volitional behavior as intentions, in
turn, turn, are based (a) attitudes
toward toward performing a subjective norm
surrounding surrounding that behavior.” the study
conducted conducted by Nabi of Reasoned
Action, Action, but to violence and
influence influence on protective Action, Nabi
and and Sullivan were of TRA-based
researched researched supports the and subjective
norms norms can accurately in turn,
behaviors, behaviors, with evidence breast self
examinations, examinations, and women’s and Sullivan
used used previous studies are greatly
shaped shaped by 1) a specific
behavior behavior and 2) or consequences
determined determined by variables, and the
definition definition of the study, Nabi
and and Sullivan then they have
established established which they Some of
their their hypothesis include: television viewing
will will be positively crime and
violence violence in society” behaviors.” The
study study was based undergraduate students
whose whose ages ranging old) and
consisted consisted of both combination. The
questionnaire questionnaire asked the ranged from
the the amount of of household,
to to the student’s violence in society.
Insociety.In addition, the
would react to certain situations such as what they would do in the event
that their car broke down on the highway at night, and safety measures to
protect their home or possessions.
page 814
where where theory and following results:
“The “The amount of to beliefs about
prevalenceaboutprevalence of crime prevalence of
crime crime and violence positively related
to to intentions were in protection
behaviors.” behaviors.” (814) The have a
direct direct impact on influence of
protective protective actions were so on
the the “mean world Relate to
Engagement Engagement in Protective Analysis From
a a Theory of Research, 28(6),
802. 802. Retrieved from Web. 10
June June 2010